Yet Pavlov also showed courage in challenging authority and asserting his intellectual integrity. By this time, he had achieved the pinnacle of scientific status for his work on the physiology of digestion (the Nobel Prize, 1904), and had turned to the study of the "psychic" salivary (digestive) reflex (i.e., Pavlovian conditioning). The ultimate testament of his political skill was his ability to run an active laboratory during Stalin's regime. Like Sechenov, Pavlov was a revolutionary thinker who was able to finesse his encounters with authority without surrendering on vital points or courting personal ruin. Thus there are no Watsonian or Skinnerian restrictions on the nature of theoretical concepts the only restrictions pertain to the mode of evaluation of the inferences about those concepts. In this method, the only restriction on "the levels of explanatory constructs that are used that the evidenceĬoncerning those constructs be stated in an objective or scientifically communicable way" (Furedy, Heslegrave, and Scher, 1984, p. This assumption was the basis Pavlov's method in psychology: the objective study of mental processes. The idea that the study of behavior can yield an objective account of subjective processes is nevertheless evident in Sechenov's work. Sechenov had had a brush with the government censor, who forced him to change his original title- An Attempt to Place Psychical Processes on a Physiological Basis-to a less provocative one (Koshotiants, 1945). 58).Īn important book that the young seminarian may have read in that small room was Ivan Sechenov's Reflexes of the Brain (1866). Windholz notes that, unlike most seminary students, "Pavlov lived in his parents' home, which gave him considerable freedom to pursue his own intellectual interests" by being "able to avoid the discipline imposed upon seminarians living in the dormitory and enjoy uninhibited reading in a small room over the family living quarters" (Windholz, 1991, p. Yet his family unwittingly supported this important change by providing an intellectual oasis during Pavlov's seminary period.
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Petersburg University, his father refused to support him financially. When, in 1870, Pavlov enrolled in natural sciences in the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics at St. Windholz suggests that the main sources of discord were Pavlov's loss of faith by the time he entered the seminary in Riazan in 1864 he left before completing his studies there. "I had heated arguments with my father," Ivan wrote later, "which, because of my position, led to strong words and ended in serious disagreements" (Pavlov, 1952, p. But he could not accept his father's position on some fundamental issues, including religious ones. His advice to his children was that any book should be read at least twice in order not to miss anything important and to recall it more accurately Ivan took this advice to heart throughout his scientific career. Petr Pavlov, as Windholz notes (1991), had a library of his own and transmitted to his son a love of knowledge. Pavlov's father, Petr Dmitrievich, the youngest of these sons, was a priest in Riazan, an ancient town about 120 miles south of Moscow. The deacon was able to provide a seminary education for his sons, who became ordained priests. During the next two generations, the family head rose through the religious hierarchy from church sexton to deacon.
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Pavel's son gained emancipation and became a member of the clerical estate. His ancestry tracex to an illiterate eighteenth-century serf known only by his first name, Pavel (Anokhin, 1949). Pavlov evolved from a religious to a scientific framework. The life and work of this Nobel laureate is encapsulated in his motto, "Observation and observation!" His work had an enormous influence on psychology in general and on the theory of learning and memory in particular. The Russian physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov is best known as the discoverer of the conditioned reflex.